Biology.

1. Heart cancer - is an extremely rare form of cancer that is divided into primary tumors of the heart and secondary tumors of the heart.

Symptoms

· Chest pain or pressure

· Cough, which may be productive of a pink, frothy sputum

· Fatigue

· Fever

· Irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)

· Shortness of breath, which may be worsened by lying flat

· Swelling in the feet and ankles

· Unexpected weight gain or loss

· Weakness

· Widening and thickening of the fingertips

Causes

The cause is unknown.

Treatment

Chemotherapy; to attack cancer cells and manage symptoms

· Dietary counseling; to help people with cancer maintain their strength and nutritional status

· Palliative care; to improve the overall quality of life for families and patients with serious diseases

· Participation in a clinical trial that is testing promising new therapies and treatments for heart cancer

· Physical therapy; to help strengthen the body, increase alertness, reduce fatigue, and improve functional ability during and after cancer treatment

· Radiation therapy; to attack cancer cells and manage symptoms

· Surgery

2. Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence ofinflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ

Hepatitis A.

Symptoms of Hepatitis A

· A short, mild, flu-like illness;

· nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea;

· loss of appetite;

· weight loss;

· jaundice (yellow skin and whites of eyes, darker yellow urine and pale faeces);

· itchy skin;

· abdominal pain.

Hepatitis A Causes

· The hepatitis A virus is found in the stools (feces) of people with hepatitis A. It is transmitted when a person puts something in his or her mouth that has been contaminated with the feces of an affected person. This is referred to as fecal-oral transmission

· contacts of people infected with HAV

· The virus can also be spread by eating raw or undercooked shellfish collected from water that has been contaminated by sewage.

· Users of illegal drugs (injected or non-injected)

Treatment for hepatitis A

The doctor will advise avoiding alcohol and fatty foods as these can be hard for the liver to process and may exacerbate the inflammation.

Patients should get plenty of rest and eat a nutritious diet.

They should also ensure they do not spread HAV by washing their hands after using the toilet and before preparing food.

Patients with more severe symptoms may be monitored in hospital for a short period.

Hepatitis B.

Symptoms of hepatitis B

· A short, mild, flu-like illness;

· nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea;

· loss of appetite;

· weight loss;

· jaundice (yellow skin and whites of eyes, darker yellow urine and pale faeces);

· itchy skin.

Hepatitis B Causes

The hepatitis B virus is known as a blood-borne virus because it is transmitted from one person to another via blood or fluids contaminated with blood

Direct contract with blood

The virus may be transmitted when these fluids come in contact with broken skin or a mucous membrane

People who inject drugs with shared needle

People who receive transfusions of blood or blood products

Treatment for hepatitis B

In the majority of patients with active HBV, symptoms will not be severe and treatment will not be required. The patient will be monitored and after a few months the patient’s immune system should fight off the virus, giving the patient natural immunity.

Hepatitis C.

Symptoms of hepatitis C

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Loss of appetite

Fatigue

Pain over the liver (on the right side of the abdomen, just under the rib cage)

Jaundice - A condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow

Dark-colored urine

Stoolsbecome pale in color (grayish or clay colored)

Causes

You cannot get hepatitis C by living with, being near, or touching someone with the disease. You can get the disease by sharing a razor, nail clippers, or other such items with an infected person

Through sexual intercourse with an infected person: Having multiple sex partners is a risk factor.

Treatment for hepatitis C

To determine the extent to which the liver has been affected by hepatitis C, other tests may be carried out. These include liver function tests, which measure substances (specific proteins and enzymes) in the patient’s blood, showing how effectively the liver is working. A liver biopsy may also be carried out. A fine hollow needle is passed through the skin into the liver and a small sample is taken. The sample is then examined under a microscope to gauge the amount of liver damage (inflammation, scarring and cirrhosis).